While the US has been a leader in the adoption of official UN Resolutions that call for women’s equality in all facets of governance and the passage of the 2017 Women, Peace, and Security Act women are still heavily under-represented in all levels of government. War and international armed conflict By virtue of common Article 2(1), the 1949 Geneva Conventions apply to ‘all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or 70 S. Research increasingly indicates that the involvement of women in public life leads to more peaceful and stable outcomes, and enduring peace and stability. This bodes poorly for lasting peace and security. Despite women’s participation in combat, they have been denied the elevated citizen status frequently enjoyed by their male peers with similar experiences. Since 1995, the awareness of the impact of armed conflict on women, including the role of sexual and gender-based violence, and women’s contributions to peace processes, has increased significantly. However, to the detriment of both women’s political and economic equality, gendered perceptions about military participation and the identity of combat veterans have been slow to change. For military women in the United States, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have ushered in a new era in combat arms participation. Combat veterans are held in particularly high regard as model and trustworthy citizens. Public opinion polls steadily show that the American people trust military veterans to be principled leaders and model public citizens. Military service has long been seen as a path to political leadership and elevation of status in public life. These will be: UN agencies, especially UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP and WHO international NGOs academic and research institutions as well as a number of individual.
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